Fungi: Notes, Classification & NEET Important MCQs
By Pavan Chaturvedi
Welcome to Chaubey Biology Hub, your premier destination for high-quality, NCERT-aligned medical entrance preparation. We take pride in delivering content that doesn't just mirror textbooks but decodes them. This guide on Fungi: Notes, Classification & NEET Important MCQs is meticulously crafted to meet the rigorous standards of the NTA NEET-UG syllabus, focusing exclusively on the core concepts that matter most."
Before exploring the structural and metabolic diversity of the Fungi: Notes, Classification & NEET Important MCQs, ensure you have reviewed our previous post on Protista: Classification, Characteristics & 25 Important NEET MCQs NCERT Notes for NEET and Principles to understand the foundational criteria used to classify these prokaryotic organisms in your NEET journey."
Table of content
- Introduction to Kingdom Fungi
- Morphology & Structure
- Nutrition in Fungi (Saprophytic, Parasitic & Symbiotic)
- Reproduction Methods (Vegetative, Asexual & Sexual)
- Classification of Fungi :
- Phycomycetes (Algal Fungi)
- Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)
- Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
- Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)
- Economic Importance of Fungi
- Practice MCQs for NEET
Introduction
- Alexander Fleming stated the importance of Penicillium notatum while he was working on bacteria Staphylococcus.
- According to Alexopoulos Fungi are nucleated with non chlorophyll bearing organisms, which reproduce by both asexually and sexually and their cell walls are made up of chitin.
- The study of fungi is called Mycology.
General account of Fungi-
- Fungi can be seen in moist bread and rotten juices. Mushroom are edible fungi. Toad stool grow on dung is also fungi.
- Unicellular fungi like yeast is used in production of wine and beer. Some multicellular fungi like penicillium is used in formation of Antibiotics.
- White spot on mustard and Rust and Smut disease in plant are also caused by the fungi.
🔼 Video Highlights: Fungi General account
🔵 [01:31] - Cosmopolitan (Habit)
- They are saprophytic in nature because they grow on dead matter of plants and animals and collect their food from these matter.
- Fungi need warm and humid condition to grow.
- Body of fungi is composed of long thread like structure called hyphae. The network of hyphae is called mycelium. The hyphae is coenocytic with multinucleated or septate.
🔼 Video Highlights: Fungi Structure & Nutrition
🧵 [02:26] - Hyphae & Mycelium:
🧬 [05:40] - Coenocytic Condition: Multi-nucleated structure
🧱 [01:39] - Cell Wall: made up of Chitin and Polysaccharides
🤝 [08:20] - Lichens: Fungi and Algae as symbiotic association
🌳 [09:10] - Mycorrhiza: Association with the Higher plants
- They cannot make their own food due to lack of chlorophyll. They also act as Biofertilizer.
- Their cell wall is made up of Chitin and Polysaccharide.
| Main Feature | Descript |
|---|---|
| Unit of Fungi | Hyphae |
| Network of Hyphae | Mycelium |
| Coenocytic Hyphae | Aseptate |
| Cell Wall | Chitin and Polysaccharides . |
| Mode of Nutrition | Heterotrophic (Saprophytes, Parasites and Symbionts). |
Reproduction in Fungi
- Fungi reproduce by Vegetative reproduction, Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction.
- They reproduce vegetatively by budding, fragmentation, fission.
- Sexual reproduction in fungi may be isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.
- Conidia or Sporangiospore or zoospore are mode of asexual reproduction.
Extra Shot of Reproduction in Fungi
- Fungi reproduce asexually by special structure like rhizomorph and sclerotia. Conidia, chlamydospore, endospores, basidiospore, uredospore, ascospores, pycniospores, teleutospore are spores in fungi that are formed in favourable condition.
Dikaryophase
- In unfavourable condition, two same type of hyphae are come together and fuse through conjugation tube.
- Their protoplasm are fused through conjugation tube and make a single cell by the process of plasmogamy.
- At this stage, there are two nucleus in a cell therefore this stage is called Dikaryophase and nuclei are called dikaryon.
🍄 Want to master the Five Kingdom System and Viruses? Check out our simplified NCERT notes for quick revision: 👉 Biological Classification: Full Module
- Two nucleus in a cell is represented by n + n.
- Dikaryophase stage is frequently seen in member of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
- Now both nuclei are fused to each other through the karyogamy and form a diploid zygote.
- This zygote divides by meiosis and form many spores in fruiting bodies.
In some fungi Plasmogamy is not followed by the Karyogamy , This stage is called as Dikaryon (n+n) . To. know this complex process Step-by-Step with the diagram watch video at [11:32] at time stamp.
Classification of fungi:
- Fungi are classified into four major groups on the basis of Morphology of mycelium, formation of spores and formation of fruiting bodies.
Phycomycetes:
- Members of this group are found in moist, damp places, dead and decaying matter.
- Their mycelium is coenocytic with many nuclei. Their network of mycelium is well developed.
- They reproduce asexually by motile and nonmotile spores called zoospores and aplanospores respectively.
.jpeg) |
| Mucor |
- They reproduce sexually by Zygospore that are formed by fusion of the protoplasts of two gametes.
- During fusion of gamete, a conjugation tube is formed to make the fusion of protoplast between the two cells of fungi.Therefore they are also called conjugation fungi.
🔼 Video Highlights: Phycomycetes
📊 [00:36] - Classification Criteria
🧬 [04:51] - Mycelium Structure
🧪 [07:23] - Zygospore Formation
🔬 [09:38] - Examples: Rhizopus, Albugo
💡 [10:33] - Super TRICK: "RAM"
- When both gametes are morphologically similar that are involved in sexual reproduction, then reproduction is isogamous. I
- In anisogamous or oogamous , both gametes are not morphologically similar.
- They have some affinities with the algae therefore called as Algal fungi.
Example: Rhizopus or Bread Mould Mucor, Albugo (Parasite on Mustard.
Read also: Kingdom Plantae: Bryophytes (Liverworts and Mosses) NCERT Notes for NEET
Ascomycetes:
- They are also called Sac fungi and are regarded as higher fungi.
- It is the largest group of fungi including 1700 genus and 15000 species.
- They are saprotrophs , decomposers and parasites. They are also coprophilous because they may grow on cow dung.
- Their mycelium is branched and septate.
- They reproduce asexually by the conidia. These conidia are produced exogenously on special mycelium called conidiophore.
.jpeg) |
| Neurospora |
- They reproduce sexually by the specialised sexual spores called ascospores.
- Ascospores are formed endogenously usually eight in numbers and present within a sac-like structure called ascus. Therefore they are called ascomycetes.
- They are mostly multicellular like penicillium but some are unicellular like Saccharomyces.
For example- Aspergillus, Claviceps,
Neurospora. Fusarium
🔼 Video Highlights: Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)
🍄 [00:00] - Sac Fungi Introduction
🧪 [02:24] - Conidia Formation: Asexual Reproduction
🧬 [06:58] - Ascocarp & Ascospores: Sexual Phase
🧠 [09:06] - Neurospora: Genetic & Biochemical Work
💩 [09:52] - Coprophilous: Grow on dung.
🍽️ [10:15] - Morels & Truffles: Edible Fungi
Basidiomycetes:
- The members are commonly called mushroom or bracket fungi or puffball.
- They are found in soil or damp trees or moist places.
- They may also be present in the plant body as parasites in the form of smut and rust.
- Their mycelium is branched and septate.
- Asexual mode of reproduction is unknown but they reproduce in vegetable mode by fragmentation.
.jpeg) |
| Agaricus ( Mushroom) |
- They do not have any sex organs but they reproduce sexually by fusion of protoplast between two different cells by plasmogamy and form a club-shaped structure called the basidium. Hence they are also referred to as club fungi.
- Inside the basidium, by meiosis basidiospores are formed. These basidiospores are arranged in the fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
Example: Agaricus or Mushroom, Ustilago causes smut disease Puccinia causes rust disease.
🎥 Video Highlights: Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
🍄 [00:36] - Names: Mushroom, Puffballs & Bracket Fungi
🌾 [02:01] - Parasitic: Rust (Puccinia) aur Smut (Ustilago)
🚫 [03:39] - Sex Organs Absent: Sabse zaruri point
🧬 [04:48] - Sexual Cycle: Somatic Fusion & Dikaryophase
🔬 [06:51] - Basidiospores: Exogenous formation
⚖️ [07:54] - Difference: Ascospores vs Basidio Spores
Deuteromycetes:
- They are also called imperfect fungi because the sexual stage is not known in members of this group.
- They reproduces by asexual means mainly through conidia like Ascomycetes.
- They were grouped initially in ascomycetes but due to absence of sexual stage.
- They have been placed in different group.They are pathogenic and cause harmful diseases in humans and animals.
.jpeg) |
| Trichoderma |
- Their mycelium is branched and septate.
- They are almost cosmopolitan in nature and found in soil, water, air and even in plants and animal bodies.
- They have a filamentous and thallus-like body structure except yeast.
🦁Master all Animal Phyla from Porifera to Chordata with our easy-to-remember comparison tables:
- They are devoid of chlorophyll therefore they are not green in color.
- Due to lack of chlorophyll, they do not perform photosynthesis.
- They exhibit a heterotrophic mode of nutrition, thus they are not capable of making their own food.
- They are completely dependent on other organisms for their nutrition as Parasites and saprophytes.
- They are saprotrophic because they derive nutrition from the dead and decaying matter.
- Their cell wall is mainly composed of chitin, a kind of polysaccharides. Along with the chitin, the cell wall of some fungi also have cellulose.
- Some fungi prefer be to live in darkness or in the absence of light hence they are photophobic and some may live in the presence of light called photophilic.
🌴Having trouble with Algae or Gymnosperm examples? Don't miss this high-yield classification guide:
- Body of fungi is composed of a network of thread-like structures called mycelium.
- The mass of mycelium forms specific fungal tissue called pseudo-parenchyma.
- Fungi store reserve food material in the form of glycogen.
- Some fungi make symbiotic association with algae and root of higher plants known as lichen and mycorrhiza respectively.
Commercial use of Fungi
- At industrial scale, mushrooms are cultivated from fungi. Mushrooms have high nutritional value. Mushrooms are rich in vitamin B. It is regarded as a source of protein.
- Yeast are used in the bread making industry. Yeast is also used in the production of wine whisky rum industries because yeast produces ethyl alcohol by fermentation.
- Penicillium is enriched in protein, vitamin A, vitamin B. It is added to increase the flavour to the cheese. Penicillin was the first antibiotics that was discovered from Penicillium notatum.
To understand the detail information about the Virus, Viroids and Prions: NCERT Notes, Differences and MCQs for NEET read my next detailed guide:
- Aspergillus produces Citric acid, Gallic acid which is used in the chemical industry.
Feature Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes Common Name Algal Fungi Sac Fungi Club Fungi Imperfect Fungi Mycelium Aseptate / Coenocytic Septate / Branched Septate / Branched Septate / Branched Asexual Spore Zoospores (Endogenous) Conidia (Exogenous) Absent Conidia Sexual Spore Zygospores Ascospores (Endo) Basidiospores (Exo) Absent / Unknown
🎯 NEET MuLTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
🔥 100% CHALLENGE
"Questions yahi se aayega... taiyari jeet ki!"
1. How many Statement is / are correct with respect to Fungi.
1. Fungi can can be seen on moist bread and rotten juice.
2. Some of fungi are edible.
3. All of the fungi are filamentous.
4. White spot on Mustard and whit rust on wheat are due to fungi.
A. One B. Two
C. Three D . Four
Answer: C
2. Consider the following statement and select the correct code;
1. Unicellular fungi are used in production of Antibiotics
2. Multicellular fungi are used in formation of wine and beer.
3. Fungi require warm and humid condition to grow.
A. 1 and 2 B. Only 2
C. Only 3 D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
3. Which one of the following statement is not correct.
A. Body of fungi is made up of long thread like structure called hyphae.
B. The network of mycelium is called hyphae
C. Some hyphae is unincleated or multinucleated .
D. Hyphae are septate or branched.
Answer: B
4. The hyphae is coenocytic it signifies:
A. Multiple nuclei
B. Multiple septa
C. Single nucleus
D. Single cell
Answer : A
5. The cell wall of fungi is composed of
A. Polysaccharides and Chitin
B. Lipid and Chitin
C. Protein and lipid.
D. Protein and polysaccharides
Answer: A
6. Which of the following in not a characterstic of fungi.
A. Saprophytic nutrition
B. Parasitic nutrition
C. Symbiotic associations.
D. Autotrophic nutrition
Answer : D
7. Consider the following mode of vegetative means in fungi and select the correct code.
1. Budding
2. Fragmentation
3. Budding
A. 1 2 and 3 B. Only 2
C 2 and 3 D. 1 and 2
Answer : A
8. Fungi reproduce asexually by spores. Which of the following spores is not formed in fungi during asexual reproduction.
A. Microspore
B. Conidia
C. Sporangiospores
D. Zoospores.
Answer: A
9. Which of the following s is/ are mode of sexual reproduction in fungi.
A. Oospores
B. Ascospores
C Basidiospores
D. All of the above.
Answer : D
10. Arrange the following events in chronological order used in sexual reproduction by the fungi.
1. Plasmogamy
2. Meiosis
3. Karyogamy
A. 1 - 2 - 3 B. 1 - 3 - 2
C. 3 - 2 - 1 D. 1 - 2 - 3
Answer: B
11. Which one of the following statements are not correct for the sexual reproduction in Fungi.
A. Plasmogamy is fusion of protoplasm between only motile gamete.
B. Fusion of nuclei is termed karyogamy.
C. Zygote undergo meiosis and form haploid spores.
D. It generally form a transitional state dikaryophase.
Answer A
12. After the stage of Dikaryophase, a diploid zygote is formed which divides by which of the following divison to form haploid spores in fruiting bodies.
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Mitosis than meiosis
D. Meiosis than mitosis
Answer B
13. Dikaryophase or dikaryon refer to two nuclei in a cell is often formed in
A. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
B. Ascomycetes and Deutromycetes
C. Phycomycetes and Deutromycetes.
Answer: A
14. Consider the following characteristics which are basis of classification of fungi and select the correct code.
1. Morphology of Mycelium
2. Formation of fruiting bodies
3. Formation of spores
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
15. Which of the following is not a characterstic feature of Phycomycetes.
A. Members are found in decaying wood.
B. Members are aquatic in nature and found in moist and damp place.
C. Members are often live as obligate parasite on plants.
D. Albugo is member of Phycomycetes which is parasite on wheat.
Answer : D
16. Consider the following statement about the member of phycomycetes and select the correct code:
1. Zoospores are non motile involved in Asexual reproduction.
2. Aplanospores are motile asexual spores.
3. Zygospores are formed during sexual reproduction by fusion of gametes.
A. only 3 B. 1 and 2
C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 3
Answer: A
17. Phycomycetes are Primitive fungi and resemble with the algae except :
A. They reproduce asexually by zoospores.
B. Mycelium is a aseptate and coenocytic.
C. They are found in moist and damp places.
D. They reproduce sexually by isogamous anisogamous or oogamous.
Answer : B
18. In phycomycetes :
A. Asexual spores are produced exogenously in sporangium.
B. Sexual spores are formed exogenously in fruiting bodies.
C. Asexual spores are produced endogenously in sporangium.
D. Sexual spores are formed endogenously in fruiting bodies.
Answer: A
19. Consider the following example of Phycomycetes and select the correct code;
1. Rhizopus
2. Bread mould
3. Mucor
4. Albugo
5. Yeast
6. Puccinia.
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 2, 3 , 4 and 6
C. 3, 4 , 5 and 6
D. 2, 4, 5 and 6
Answer : A
20. Which of the following statement is not correct about ascomycetes.
A. Members are known as Sac fungi.
B. Morels and truffles are edible fungi.
C. Their Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic
D. Mostly members are multicellular and rarely are unicellular.
Answer : C
21. In term of nutrition, Members of ascomycetes is / are :
1. Decomposer
2. Saprophytic
3. Parasites
4. Coprophilous
A. 1, 2 and 4
B. 2, 3 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer : D
22. Consider the following statement with respect to member of ascomycetes and select the correct code:
1. Conidia are asexual spores which are produced endogenously on special Mycelium called conidiophores.
2. Ascospores are sexual spores which are produced exogenously in a sac like structure called Ascus which are arranged in asco carp.
A. only 1 B.only 2
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer : C
23. The Coprophilous fungi are grown on
A. Decaying twig
B. Dung
C. Dead organic matter
D. Moist wood
Answer : B
24. Which member of ascomycetes is used in production of citric Acid.
A. Fusarium
B. Aspergillus
C. Neurospora
D. Claviceps
Answer : B
25. Which of the following member of ascomycetes is widely used in Biochemical and genetic work.
A. Fusarium
B. Aspergillus
C. Neurospora
D. Claviceps
Answer : C
26. The members of Basidiomycetes are known as except
A. Mushroom
B. Truffles
C. Puff balls
D. Bracket fungi
Answer : B
27. How many statement are correct for the Basidiomycetes.
1. They are grown in soil or log or tree stumps.
2. They are also found in living plants as parasite .
3. The asexual spores are not found.
4. Their Mycelium is septate and branched.
A. One B. Two
C. Three D. Four
Answer : D
28. What is vegetative mode of reproduction in members of Basidiomycetes.
A. Budding
B. Fission
C. Fragmentation
D. Sporulation
Answer : C
30. Consider the following statement and select the correct code for the sexual reproduction in members of Basidiomycetes.
1. Plasmogamy takes place between the somatic or vegetative cell of same strain and form dikaryon.
2. Sex organs are absent.
3. Dikaryon stage ultimately form basidium.
4. Dikaryon undergoes meiosis and form four basidiospores in each basidium.
A. 1 2 and 4
B. 1 3 and 4
C. 2 3 and 4
D. 1 2 and 3
Answer : C
31. Match the list
A. Agaricus 1.Mushroom
B. Puccinia 2. Rust
C. Ustilago 3. Smut
A B C
A. 1 2 3
B. 1 3 2
C. 3 2 1
D. 3 1 2
Answer : A
32. Consider the following statement and select the correct code:
1. In Basidioycetes, Basidiospores are produced exogenously in basidium.
2. Basidium are not arranged in fruiting bodies in Basidiomycetes.
A. Only 1 B. Only 2
C. Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2
Answer : A
33 . Which of the following statement is / are correct for the Deutromycetes.
A. Members are imperfect fungi because only asexual or vegetative phase are known.
B. They reproduce asexually by conidia .
C. The mycelium is septate and branched
D. All of the above .
Answer : D
34. Consider the following statement and select the correct code.
1. Some members of Deutromycetes are saprotroph or parasites
2. Large proportion of members are decomposed and help in mineral cycling.
A. Only 1 B only 2
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C
35 .Which of the following is not a member of Deutromycetes.
A. Colletotrichum
B. Trichoderma
C. Alternaria
D. Claviceps
Answer : D
36. Identify the following figure of fungi.
A. Mucor B. Rhizopus
C. Agaricus D. Neuro spora
Answer : A
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